DAYTON — An in-depth study by Better Business Bureau has found that, while consumers may write fewer checks in this era of electronic financial transactions, fake check scams are on the rise.

Fake checks are used in a variety of frauds, from employment scams to prize and sweepstakes fraud. In all cases, victims deposit the checks and send money back to scammers. The Better Business Bureau warns consumers to be on guard against these serious and pervasive frauds and their perpetrators.

The investigative study, “Don’t Cash That Check: Better Business Bureau Study Shows How Fake Check Scams Bait Consumers,” looks at how fake checks dupe consumers. It digs into the scope of the problem, who is behind it and the need for law enforcement and consumer education to address the issue.

Scammers often succeed because consumers don’t realize:

1. Crediting a bank account does not mean the cashed check is valid.

Federal banking rules require that when someone deposits a check into an account, the bank must make the funds available within a day or two. Even when a check is credited to an account, it does not mean the check is good. A week or so later, if the check bounces, the bank will want the money back. Consumers, not the fraudsters, will be on the hook for the funds.

2. Cashier’s checks and postal money orders can be forged. A cashier’s check is a check guaranteed by a bank, drawn on the bank’s own funds and signed by a cashier. If a person deposits a cashier’s check, the person’s bank must credit the account by the next day. The same holds true for postal money orders. Scammers use cashier’s checks and postal money orders because many people don’t realize they can be forged.

“As with all scams, education is one of the best keys to avoid falling victim to them,” said John North, president and CEO of the Better Business Bureau serving Dayton and the Miami Valley. “People need to understand how these scams work to protect themselves. They need to know that just because the bank accepts the check initially doesn’t mean the bank won’t come back and tell you the check is bogus and withdraw the amount of the bogus check from your account, plus any associated fees.”

Fake check fraud is a huge problem, with complaints to regulatory agencies and consumer watchdog groups doubling over the last three years.

Fraud employing fake checks is rapidly growing and costing billions of dollars. Fake checks were involved in 7 percent of all complaints filed with the bureau’s Scam Tracker. The number of complaints received by the Federal Trade Commission’s Consumer Sentinel database and the Internet Fraud Complaint Center more than doubled between 2014 and 2017.

Based on complaint data trends, the study suggests that there may be more than 500,000 victims of counterfeit checks in 2017.

The study found the fraud affects victims of all ages and income levels, but consumers between 20 and 29 reported being victimized by the scam more than consumers of any other age range.

The National Consumers League, which also receives complaints from fraud victims at fraud.org, found that fake checks complaints in 2017 were up 12 percent and were the second most common type of complaint over all, after online order issues.

Nigerian gangs appear to be behind most of this fraud, often using romance fraud victims and other “money mules” to receive money from victims. Many fake checks and money orders are shipped to the U.S. from Nigeria.

The report recommends:

● Organizations such as the Better Business Bureau and regulatory agencies should do more to provide fake check fraud-prevention education.

● With wide-scale use of money mules and others to assist in frauds, it would be useful for law enforcement agencies to work collaboratively to both identify these individuals and to take action to ensure that they end these activities.

● Investigative agencies may need more resources to effectively prosecute fake checks and other widespread frauds.

● Continued law enforcement coordination and training with enforcement counterparts in Nigeria and elsewhere should remain important and should be strengthened.

● Banks and financial institutions might consider more collective efforts to educate their customers about fake check frauds.

What consumers should do if they have deposited fake checks into their accounts:

● Notify the bank or the bank that appears to have issued the check.

● File a complaint with the Better Business Bureau, the Federal Trade Commission at 877-FTC-Help; the Internet Crime Complaint Center; the U.S. Postal Inspection Service; Western Union at 800-448-1492 or https://www.westernunion.com/us/en/file-complaint.html; MoneyGram at 800-926-9400 or http://global.moneygram.com/nl/en/how-to-report-a-problem; Green Dot at 866-795-7597.

Victims who are seniors or other vulnerable adults may be able to obtain help through Adult Protective Services, which has offices in every state and many counties. Find a local office at www.elderjustice.gov.